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Instincts and their Vicissitudes in Sigmund Freud CHAPTER ONE I.0 INTRODUCTION The insatiable quest for knowledge, associated with the marvels of nature, introduced man into critical inquiry into things and their causes, human experience and man’s role and prospects in life. In the anal of history, quest for meaning as a quest for knowledge has remained an existential fact in every human endeavor. Hence, it propelled man’s meaning-attaching trait which satisfies his concept of existence. Philosophy as it were has been the vanguard of such innovation traceable from the time of Thales. On Narcissism: An Introduction. Narcissistic attitude in them constituted one of the limits to their. The German word used by Freud is ‘Narzissmus’. Instincts and their Vicissitudes. Instincts and their Vicissitudes. Sigmund Freud. The word ‘ instinct ’ is in any case not used here in the sense which. More still, events and time have rolled out trajectories of philosophy that now constitute different field of studies. Most of these fields hold man as an object of inquiry. All their concern was to conceptualize man. Since human beings are so complex and mysterious, human behaviour and development are also complex and varied. Various philosophers, psychologists, sociologists, scientists have delved into demystifying this mystery and simplifying the complexities therein. They have made an incredible contribution in understanding man and his place in this world. It is in the light of this that Freud singled out instinct as the only solution to the mystery of human behaviour with his over-emphasis on sex. Listen to him: The psychic energy comes from the instincts present in the human body which make demands on the mind. These biological instincts he calls drives, and they lead to the excitation of certain regions of the body. The process is this: the internal excitement stimulates the mind thereby creating a need. In this way, the psychic energy is derived from biological energy because the body and the mind are constantly in interaction with each other. Every instinct has a source, an aim, an object and the tension or pressure associated with it. So, Freud could explain diverse human behaviours from two instincts namely: the life and the death instincts. However, Freud (1905) overstressed the idea of instinct and advocated for free expression of the sexual instinct which today (partly) accounts for the misconception and banalization of the concept of sex as a pleasure-giving thing, the indiscriminate use of sex which has led to the present day multiplication of sexual diseases like STD, HIV, etc., the anti-natural scientific inventions in the world like genital transplant, cloning, abortion etc, anti-cultural practices like extra-marital sex, pre-marital sex, gay marriage and homosexuality. Morestill, it is pertinent to know that instincts go with their concomitant vicissitudes. Instincts undergo various vicissitudes in the process of development and in the course of life such as sublimation, repression etc. It is worthwhile to note also that vicissitude here must be confined to the sexual instincts. Therefore, it is in the present writer’s effort to understand the present day’s banalization of sex that he decided to delve into Freud’s idea of sex drive (instinct) as the ‘be – all’ and ‘end- all’ as a bit misleading. It is a clarion call on all to re-channel the sex drive to its appropriate end, and to achieve this, knowledge and indeed self-knowledge is being very much advocated for. 1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Man has always been an object of study. But, in ancient and medieval times, when the cosmocentric and theocentric perspectives prevailed, he was studied together with and subordinately to other primary realities such as the world or God. It was with Descartes that man became the centre and the point of departure for philosophy, as such. In this way, the modern and contemporary philosophers have obtained a whole new series of images of man, images which have often sparked off great interest. For example; anguished man (Kierkegaard), economic man (Marx), existent man (Heidegger), symbolic man (Cassirer), problematic man (Marcel), erotic man ( Freud) etc. Freud’s work (1923) in its entirety is built on the idea that adult behaviour, both the wholesome and unwholesome alike, are driven by instinctual impulses and desires, which originate in the id in childhood. According to him, the sexual instinct is the source of psychic energy, libido. He upheld that sexual instincts arising in the id are present starting from the earliest weeks of life, and that infants and young children are sexual beings. A layman’s appreciation of Freud’s work will run thus; “that it is all about sex and that sex underlies everything we do.” 1.2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The aim of this research is to make an attempt at exploring and exposing instincts and their vicissitudes in Freud and thereafter, proffer virile criticisms on them. It is also the wish of the present writer to acclaim the positive impact of Freud’s theory and at the same time pin-point its lapses. As a last resort, the study will, at its termination, present the true picture and what the position of sex drive should be in our present day dispensation. 1.3 SCOPE OF STUDY This research seeks to expose so much as possible Freud’s notion of instincts and their vicissitudes in relation to human behaviour. We shall also draw the philosophical implications of his thoughts. 1.4 METHODLOGY OF RESEARCH The method employed in this research is both expository and analytical. The researcher will try as much as possible to expose Freud’s thoughts on instincts and their vicissitudes and how connected they are with human behaviour. It will also be analytical for better consumption. 1.5 DIVISION OF WORK This long essay is divided into five chapters. Chapter one deals with the general introduction of the work, and gives the framework of the entire study. Chapter two takes care of the history of Freud and influences on him. It also explains what psychoanalysis is since instinct is housed in it. Chapter three is devoted to exposing what instinct is all about, with other components therein. Chapter four traces the link between instincts and their vicissitudes. We shall critically evaluate and draw conclusion in chapter five. CHAPTER TWO 2.1 THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF AND INFLUENCES ON SIGMUND FREUD Sigmund Freud, an Australian neurologist, author, psychiatrist and founder of almost all the basic concepts of psychoanalysis, was born on May 6, 1856, in the small Monrovian town of Freiberg to the family of Jacob Freud and Amalie – a woman of rare beauty. In 1860 when he was almost four years of age, he moved with his parents to Vienna where he lived the greater part of his life. He was the eldest of the eight children of his parents and was convinced that he was born for success, being the favoured child of his parents. At one place he affirmed “a man who has been the indisputable favourite of his mother keeps for life the feeling of a conqueror, that confidence of success that often induces real success.” “His parents belonged to the middle class in the social cadre; they were religious but not orthodox. Sigmund Freud grew up with a deep appreciation of Jewish culture and tradition but was apparently devoid of any personal religious commitment” From the very beginning, Freud aspired to be a scientific researcher but his ambition was to be cut short because of the poor economic condition of his family and for the fact that it was difficult for a Jew to advance in the ladder of Academia in Vienna. Having graduated as a medical doctor with specialty in psychiatry in 1881, he decided to enter into private practice due to financial constraints. However, his untarnished interest in neurology led him to the study and treatment of nervous disorders. Hysteria whose symptoms include paralysis, numbness, squinting, and tremors tickled his fancy very much. Being influenced by the French neurologist Jean Charcot and the Viennese physician Josef Breuer, Freud adopted hypnotic treatment for his patients. When Charcot produced the symptoms of hysteria by means of hypnosis in people who did not suffer it, Freud came to the important discovery that hysteria was a psychogenic disorder. It is important to note also that Freud was influenced by the discovery of Breuer, that the symptoms of hysteria could be alleviated by simply having the patient talk about his or her emotion – laden experiences of the past. Freud made another discovery: hypnosis was not necessary to cure hysteria. These two discoveries were to be the basis that triggered off the building of the complex theoretical system called psychoanalysis. The basic foundation is that sicknesses have psychogenic origin and the symptoms could be remedied through the “talking cure”, or psychotherapy. It would be his creativity to investigate and explore the geography of the human psyche, how development happens and the unresolved conflicts that over develop into psychological disorders, and the process through which healing takes place. As a result, Freudian theory has its roots in medical science which, at that time, was heavily under the influence of physics. Hence, the human body was seen as an automaton composed of many parts. Equilibrium holds the parts together, and this accounts for health. Ill health entails disequilibrium of the body – state. One is not surprised then, that the worldview of psychoanalysis is mechanistic, which means, that the psyche is a closed system where the quantum of forces is constant, and there is interplay of various elements sharing the constant energy, so that the balance or imbalance of the forces would result either to mental health or psychological disorder. For some thirty years he worked to establish the truth of his theories through his publications. He published Beyond the Pleasure Principle in 1920 which first announced his theory of the death drive; Totem and Taboo in 1931 which set about tracing the Oedipus complex back to the origins of humanity, The Moses of Michelangelo in 1914. The Future of an Illusion which is a convinced atheist’s dissection of religion, was published in 1927, Civilization and Its Discontents which is a disillusioned look at Modern civilization on the verge of catastrophe, came out in 1930. But it was in 1957, that he published his classical study, Instincts and their Vicissitudes. However, despite his growing reputation, upon the Nazi invasion of Austria in May 1933, Freud’s books were publicly burnt in Berlin, the psychoanalytische Verlag, directed by his son was also destroyed and his passport confiscated. Fleeing this Nazi anti-Semitism, he left Vienna for Hamstead, London in 1938 and died in September 23, 1939, asking his physician for a lethal dose of morphine. 2.2 THE MEANING OF PSYCHOANALYSIS In the second paragraph of his book – Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, Vol. 1, Freud says “I can, however, assume this much – that you know that psychoanalysis is a procedure for the medical treatment of neurotic patients.” L. Bartemeir has it that “Psychoanalysis is a theory of personality and human development, a method for investigating the unconscious and conscious forces governing human behaviour, and a technique for treating neurotic disorders.” Psychoanalysis is a face-to-face dialogue between the psychoanalyst and the client. Freud says it all: Nothing takes place in psychoanalytic treatment but an interchange of words between the patient and the analyst. The patient talks, talks of his past experiences and present impressions, complains, confesses to his wishes and his emotional impulses. The doctor listens, tries to direct the patient’s processes of thought, exhorts, forces his attention in certain directions, gives him explanations and observes the reactions of understanding or rejection which he in this way provokes in him. Psychoanalysis is an exercise in which the analyst tries to discover the experiences repressed in the unconscious mind of a client through a care process of obtaining information from his conscious lived experiences. It is all about digging and penetrating into the unconscious in order to make it conscious. However, he acknowledged the fact that the unconscious is a mystery whose effort to be penetrated is nothing but futility and mirage. He explains this when he said that “the unconscious is the true psychical reality; in its innermost nature it is as much unknown to us as the reality of the external world, and it is incompletely presented by the data of consciousness as is the external world by the communications of our sense organs.” The place of words can never be over-emphasized in psychoanalysis. Originally, words were magic and to this present day, words have retained much of their ancient magical powers. An individual can make another blissfully happy or drive him to despair by the usage of word; the teacher transports knowledge to his pupils by words, an orator carries his listeners along by words, and determines their judgments and decisions by them. Words stimulate effects and are in general the means of mutual influence among men. Hence, the use of words in psychoanalysis ought not to be depreciated. Hence, the correct interpretation of the patient’s dreams, free-associations, slips of tongue, and responses to carefully selected questions leads the analyst to a point where he can pinpoint the unconscious repressions that are responsible for the neurotic symptoms, invariably in terms of the patient’s passage through the psycho-sexual developmental processes, the manner in which the conflicts implicit in this process were handled, and the libidinal content of his family relationships. Psychoanalysis sets out to explain disorders. Written between March 15 and April 4, 1915, and immediately published, Instincts and Their Vicissitudes opens the 'collection which I originally intended to publish in book form under the title 'Preliminaries to a Metapsychology.' The intention of the series is to clarify and carry deeper the theoretical assumptions on which a psycho-analytic system could be founded' Written between March 15 and April 4, 1915, and immediately published, Instincts and Their Vicissitudes opens the 'collection which I originally intended to publish in book form under the title 'Preliminaries to a Metapsychology.' The intention of the series is to clarify and carry deeper the theoretical assumptions on which a psycho-analytic system could be founded' (Freud, 1917d, p. Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, who created an entirely new approach to the understanding of the human personality. He is regarded as one of the most influential - and controversial - minds of the 20th century. Sigismund (later changed to Sigmund) Freud was born on 6 May 1856 in Freiberg, Moravia (now Pribor in the Czech Republic). His father was a merchant. The Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, who created an entirely new approach to the understanding of the human personality. He is regarded as one of the most influential - and controversial - minds of the 20th century. Sigismund (later changed to Sigmund) Freud was born on 6 May 1856 in Freiberg, Moravia (now Pribor in the Czech Republic). His father was a merchant. The family moved to Leipzig and then settled in Vienna, where Freud was educated. Freud's family were Jewish but he was himself non-practising. In 1873, Freud began to study medicine at the University of Vienna. After graduating, he worked at the Vienna General Hospital. He collaborated with Josef Breuer in treating hysteria by the recall of painful experiences under hypnosis. In 1885, Freud went to Paris as a student of the neurologist Jean Charcot. On his return to Vienna the following year, Freud set up in private practice, specialising in nervous and brain disorders. The same year he married Martha Bernays, with whom he had six children. Freud developed the theory that humans have an unconscious in which sexual and aggressive impulses are in perpetual conflict for supremacy with the defences against them. In 1897, he began an intensive analysis of himself. In 1900, his major work 'The Interpretation of Dreams' was published in which Freud analysed dreams in terms of unconscious desires and experiences. In 1902, Freud was appointed Professor of Neuropathology at the University of Vienna, a post he held until 1938. Although the medical establishment disagreed with many of his theories, a group of pupils and followers began to gather around Freud. In 1910, the International Psychoanalytic Association was founded with Carl Jung, a close associate of Freud's, as the president. Jung later broke with Freud and developed his own theories. After World War One, Freud spent less time in clinical observation and concentrated on the application of his theories to history, art, literature and anthropology. In 1923, he published 'The Ego and the Id', which suggested a new structural model of the mind, divided into the 'id, the 'ego' and the 'superego'. In 1933, the Nazis publicly burnt a number of Freud's books. In 1938, shortly after the Nazis annexed Austria, Freud left Vienna for London with his wife and daughter Anna. Freud had been diagnosed with cancer of the jaw in 1923, and underwent more than 30 operations. He died of cancer on 23 September 1939. Psychoanalysis > Theory [About Instincts] If we put together what we have learned from our investigation of positive and negative perversions, it seems plausible to trace them back to a number of 'component instincts', which, however, are not of a primary nature, but are susceptible to further analysis. By an 'instinct' is provisionally to be understood the psychical representative of an endosomatic, continuously flowing source of stimulation, as contrasted with a 'stimulus', which is set up by single excitations coming from without. The concept of instinct is thus one of those lying on the frontier between the mental and the physical. The simplest and likeliest assumption as to the nature of instincts would seem to be that in itself an instinct is without quality, and, so far as mental life is concerned, is only to be regarded as a measure of the demand made upon the mind for work. What distinguishes the instincts from one another and endows them with specific qualities is their relation to their somatic sources and to their aims. The source of an instinct is a process of excitation occurring in an organ and the immediate aim of the instinct lies in the removal of this organic stimulus. (1) There is a further provisional assumption that we cannot escape in the theory of the instincts. It is to the effect that excitations of two kinds arise from the somatic organs, based upon differences of a chemical nature. One of these kinds of excitation we describe as being specifically sexual, and we speak of the organ concerned as the 'erotogenic zone' of the sexual component instinct arising from it. (2) Notes: 1. [Footnote added 1924:] The theory of the instincts is the most important but at the same time the least complete portion of psychoanalytic theory. I have made further contributions to it in my later works Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920) and The Ego and the Id (1923). [Footnote added 1915:] It is not easy in the present place to justify these assumptions, derived as they are from the study of a particular class of neurotic illness. But on the other hand, if I omitted all mention of them, it would be impossible to say anything of substance about the instincts. -- Sigmund Freud - Three Essays On the Theory of Sexuality, 1905. [On the Sexual Instinct] The sexual instinct - or, more correctly, the sexual instincts, for analytic investigation teaches us that the sexual instinct is made up of many separate constituents or component instincts - is probably more strongly developed in man than in most of the higher animals; it is certainly more constant, since it has almost entirely overcome the periodicity to which it is tied in animals. It places extraordinarily large amounts of force at the disposal of civilized activity, and it does this in virtue of its especially marked characteristic of being able to displace its aim without materially diminishing in intensity. This capacity to exchange its originally sexual aim for another one, which is no longer sexual but which is psychically related to the first aim, is called the capacity for sublimation. In contrast to this displaceability, in which its value for civilization lies, the sexual instinct may also exhibit a particularly obstinate fixation which renders it unserviceable and which sometimes causes it to degenerate into what are described as abnormalities. The original strength of the sexual instinct probably varies in each individual; certainly the proportion of it which is suitable for sublimation varies. It seems to us that it is the innate constitution of each individual which decides in the first instance how large a part of his sexual instinct it will be possible to sublimate and make use of. In addition to this, the effects of experience and the intellectual influences upon his mental apparatus succeed in bringing about the sublimation of a further portion of it. To extend this process of displacement indefinitely is, however, certainly not possible, any more than is the case with the transformation of heat into mechanical energy in our machines. A certain amount of direct sexual satisfaction seems to be indispensable for most organizations, and a deficiency in this amount, which varies from individual to individual, is visited by phenomena which, on account of their detrimental effects on functioning and their subjective quality of unpleasure, must be regarded as an illness. Further prospects are opened up when we take into consideration the fact that in man the sexual instinct does not originally serve the purposes of reproduction at all, but has as its aim the gaining of particular kinds of pleasure. It manifests itself in this way in human infancy, during which it attains its aim of gaining pleasure not only from the genitals but from other parts of the body (the erotogenic zones), and can therefore disregard any objects other than these convenient ones. We call this stage the stage of auto-erotism, and the child's upbringing has, in our view, the task of restricting it, because to linger in it would make the sexual instinct uncontrollable and unserviceable later on. The development of the sexual instinct then proceeds from auto-erotism to object-love and from the autonomy of the erotogenic zones to their subordination under the primacy of the genitals, which are put at the service of reproduction. During this development a part of the sexual excitation which is provided by the subject's own body is inhibited as being unserviceable for the reproductive function and in favourable cases is brought to sublimation. The forces that can be employed for cultural activities are thus to a great extent obtained through the suppression of what are known as the perverse elements of sexual excitation. If this evolution of the sexual instinct is borne in mind, three stages of civilization can be distinguished: a first one, in which the sexual instinct may be freely exercised without regard to the aims of reproduction; a second, in which all of the sexual instinct is suppressed except what serves the aims of reproduction; and a third, in which only legitimate reproduction is allowed as a sexual aim. This third stage is reflected in our present-day 'civilized' sexual morality. (Sigmund Freud - 'Civilized' Sexual Morality And Modern Nervous Illness, 1908.) [The Aggressive Instinct] Alfred Adler, in a suggestive paper,(1) has recently developed the view that anxiety arises from the suppression of what he calls the 'aggressive instinct', and by a very sweeping synthetic process he ascribes to that instinct the chief part in human events, 'in real life and in the neuroses'. As we have come to the conclusion that in our present case of phobia the anxiety is to be explained as being due to the repression of Hans's aggressive propensities (the hostile ones against his father and the sadistic ones against his mother), we seem to have produced a most striking piece of confirmation of Adler's view. I am nevertheless unable to assent to it, and indeed I regard it as a misleading generalization. I cannot bring myself to assume the existence of a special aggressive instinct alongside of the familiar instincts of self-preservation and of sex, and on an equal footing with them.(2) It appears to me that Adler has mistakenly promoted into a special and self-subsisting instinct what is in reality a universal and indispensable attribute of all instincts - their instinctual [triebhaft] and 'pressing' character, what might be described as their capacity for initiating movement. Nothing would then remain of the other instincts but their relation to an aim, for their relation to the means of reaching that aim would have been taken over from them by the 'aggressive instinct'. In spite of all the uncertainty and obscurity of our theory of instincts I should prefer for the present to adhere to the usual view, which leaves each instinct its own power of becoming aggressive; and I should be inclined to recognize the two instincts which became repressed in Hans as familiar components of the sexual libido. (From Sigmund Freud: Analysis of a Phobya in a Five-Years-Old Boy, 1909.) Notes: 1. Der Aggressionsbetrieb im Leben und in der Neurose (1908). This is the same paper from which I have borrowed the term 'confluence of instincts'. [Footnote added 1923:] The above passage was written at a time when Adler seemed still to be taking his stand upon the ground of psychoanalysis, and before he had put forward the masculine protest and disavowed repression. Since then I have myself been obliged to assert the existence of an 'aggressive instinct', but it is different from Adler's. I prefer to call it the 'destructive' or 'death instinct'. 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Version 5.1.16.6846 OPERATING SYSTEM: Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Server 2016, Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012, Windows 2008, Windows Vista • Zebra Setup Utilities Version 1.1.9.1122 OPERATING SYSTEM: Windows 2003, Windows XP • ZebraDesigner driver 32/64 bit. Certified for Windows. Version 2.7.03.16 OPERATING SYSTEM: Windows 2003, Windows XP • Zebra Setup Utilities Version 1.1.9.1239 OPERATING SYSTEM: Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Server 2016, Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012, Windows 2008, Windows Vista. Other • ZTools Download TrueType fonts to a memory location with this self-extracting version of ZTools™ V3.1 for Windows®. • OPOS Driver v1.11.5.46 OPOS printer driver for use in applications where an OPOS printer driver is needed to support Zebra printers. OPERATING SYSTEM: Windows 10, Windows 8.1, Windows 8, Windows 7 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS: UPOS specification v1.11.NET Framework 3.5POS for.NET v1.12 • ZDownloader Utility ZDownloader is used to send firmware and files to printers, over network, USB, RS-232 or Parallel port connections. OPERATING SYSTEM: Windows 10, Windows 8.1, Windows 2008, Windows 8, Windows 7 • Zebra Setup Utilities v1.1.9.1239 Printer setup, made simple – by enabling you to quickly and easily configure select Zebra® high-performance, midrange and desktop printers, the free Zebra Setup Utilities will enhance your printer experience right out of the box. OPERATING SYSTEM: Windows 10, Windows Server 2016, Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012, Windows 2008, Windows Vista, Windows 8, Windows 7 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS: VGA monitor or betterHard drive with at least 25 MB free disk space. Manuals • KDU Plus User's Manual (de) 980548-031 Rev. A • LP/TLP 2844-Z Benutzerhandbuch (de) 980410-031 • LP/TLP 2844-Z Guida per l'utente (it) 980410-051 • KDU Plus User's Manual (it) 980548-051 Rev. A • KDU Plus User's Manual (es) 980548-041 Rev. A • LP/TLP 2844-Z Users Guide (pt) 980410-091 • KDU Plus User's Manual (pt) 980548-091 Rev. A • KDU Plus User's Manual (ja) 980548-071 Rev. A • Quick Reference Bar Code Printer/Software Matrix (en) 13973L-008 • LP/TLP 2844-Z Users Guide (en) 980410-001 Rev. B • KDU Plus User's Manual (en) 980548-001 Rev. A • LP2844-Z Quick Reference Guide (en) 980478-001 Rev. A • ZebraNet Bridge Enterprise User Guide 13743L-004 • Enterprise Connector for Oracle BI Publisher (en) P100695-002 • ZebraDesigner and ZebraDesigner Pro User Guide (en) 13857L-003 Rev. A • ZebraDesigner Fonts and Graphics Downloader User Guide (en) 13859L-002 • Link-OS™ Addendum for Programming Guide (en) P1058886-001 Rev. A • ZebraNet PrintServer II Users Guide (en) 45537L-005 • ZebraNet Wired and Wireless Print Servers User Guide (en) P1043301-005 • KDU Plus User's Manual (fr) 980548-021 • LP/TLP 2844-Z Guide d'utilisation (fr) 980410-021 • LP/TLP 2844-Z Users Guide (zhtw) 980410-062 • KDU Plus User's Manual (zhtw) 980548-261 Rev. A • 2844-Z 热敏式打印机 (zhcn) 980410-061 Rev. A • Zebra® KDU Plus™ 用户手册 (zhcn) 980548-061. Recently, Z Corp announced the release of ZPrint v7.11 software. One of the deliverables in this new release is the support of the FBX file format. FBX is being used by Autodesk for interoperability between its primary Content Creation software. From the web site above Autodesk® FBX® asset exchange technology facilitates higher-fidelity data exchange between several Autodesk content creation packages—Autodesk® Maya®, Autodesk® MotionBuilder®, Autodesk® Mudbox™, and Autodesk® 3ds Max® products—and provides support for certain third-party and proprietary applications. Whether you are using FBX within an entertainment pipeline or as part of design production, files are more seamlessly transferred, more data is retained, and workflows are more efficient. For more history on the FBX format, visit: What does this all mean for 3D printing? Now a new direct geometry data path exists from applications that do not export STL. This means that more Autodesk community users will be able to print 3D physical models from their native applications which export FBX files. For example, Autodesk Navisworks®, the project review/clash detection/simulation application can export FBX files, but does not export STL files. While this new file format support is generally good news, there is a ‘gotcha’ to be considered. Z Corp initially developed ZPrint v7.11 with FBX files generated by Revit2010 which exported color and texture information in the FBX file. In the recently released Revit2011, Autodesk changed their FBX support in a way which makes colors and textures unavailable to outside applications like ZPrint. While this change helped Autodesk achieve their stated goal of giving a better ‘looks the same in all our applications’ uniformity, the real effect is to change FBX from a useful 3DP color export format to a format mostly useful for transferring data between Autodesk applications. On the plus side, at least there is now a geometry data path from applications that do not export STL. Color and texture must still be added in other applications like 3dsMax or ZEdit Pro. I am eager to hear from Navisworks users and others with experience in exporting FBX files. Book Preface Written for calculus-inclusive general chemistry courses, Chemical Principles helps students develop chemical insight by showing the connections between fundamental chemical ideas and their applications. Unlike other texts, it begins with a detailed picture of the atom then builds toward chemistry’s frontier, continually demonstrating how to solve problems, think about nature and matter, and visualize chemical concepts as working chemists do. Flexibility in level is crucial, and is largely established through clearly labeling (separating in boxes) the calculus coverage in the text: Instructors have the option of whether to incorporate calculus in the coverage of topics. The multimedia integration of Chemical Principles is more deeply established than any other text for this course. Through the unique eBook, the comprehensive Chemistry Portal, Living Graph icons that connect the text to the Web, and a complete set of animations, students can take full advantage of the wealth of resources available to them to help them learn and gain a deeper understanding. Download Ebook Read Now File Type Upload Date djvu January 14, 2015 Do you like this book? Chimie physique de Atkins est un ouvrage. Principes de Nomenclature de la Chimie. Lire Chimie physique par Peter Atkins, Julio De Paula pour ebook en. Donate Now - Help us to grow and upload more ebook:)). Download This eBook Format Url Size //www.gutenberg.org/files/0-h/37880-h.htm 1.3 MB //www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/37880.epub.images?session_id=6540538e1f73f0498da2d487e8fe12 1.2 MB //www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/37880.epub.noimages?session_id=6540538e1f73f0498da2d487e8fe12 526 kB //www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/37880.kindle.images?session_id=6540538e1f73f0498da2d487e8fe12 3.4 MB //www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/37880.kindle.noimages?session_id=6540538e1f73f0498da2d487e8fe12 2.1 MB //www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/37880.txt.utf-8 1.2 MB http://www.gutenberg.org/files/37880/. Enter your search terms separated by spaces, then press. Avoid punctuation except as indicated below: Suffixes. Exact match Prefixes a. Language # ebook no. Category Operators Always put spaces around these.|! Not ( ) grouping this query finds shakespeare hamlet 'Hamlet' by Shakespeare qui. 'qui', not 'Quixote' love stories love stories a.shakespeare by Shakespeare s.shakespeare about Shakespeare #74 ebook no. 74 juvenile l.german juvenile lit in German verne ( l.fr| l.it ) by Verne in French or Italian love stories! Austen love stories not by Austen jane austen cat.audio audio books by Jane Austen. Snow & Rain Water. January, 31 44 0.94 3.38 22 8 February, 25 42 1.17 1.93 22 6 March, 37 52 1.65 6.87 21 9 April, 55 47 1.08 1.77 16 14 May, 61 52 0.88 1.60 19 8 June, 68 46 0.65 0.87 20 10 July, 72 30 0.58 6.12 23 6 August, 72 35 0.60 4.68 21 8 September, 63 51 0.61 3.46 15 12 October, 53 42 0.60 2.02 21 9 November, 38 38 0.81 2.47 21 9 December, 34 31 1.07 7.37 21 10 ——— ——— —— For the year, 50-3/4 88 1.70 42.54 242 109 1824. January, 36 48 1.25 3.67 24 7 February, 31 59 1.55 3.94 21 7 March, 40 39 0.71 2.63 16 15 April, 50 45 1.08 4.54 22 8 May, 60 44 0.88 1.59 24 7 June, 73 46 0.69 6.09 25 5 July, 74 30 0.38 8.80 19 8 August, 70 36 0.45 6.39 20 11 September, 64 41 0.65 6.60 17 7 October, 54 43 0.65 1.53 23 5 November, 42 38 0.89 2.49 24 6 December, 37 43 0.95 2.11 24 7 ——— ——— —— For the year, 52-1/2 85 1.55 50.38 259 93 The temperature of the wells and springs, in and near Philadelphia, is 52° Fahrenheit. Inches, 35.20 42.54 50.38 33.26 We next subjoin a summary of deaths by fever, erysipelas and measles, in the above period; being more desirous of narrating all the circumstances associated with the appearance and continuance of the small-pox, than of insisting on them as supporting causes or necessary connexions. It will appear from the accompanying statement, that the diseases febrile and eruptive were in number, violence and mortality unusually great, in the above mentioned years, as we discover by comparison with the returns for 1822 and 1825. 'In the case of the liver, which is commonly considered, when in a scirrhous or enlarged state, to be the seat of these mechanical obstructions, and thus, to be the cause of abdominal dropsy, we have no satisfactory instance yet shown to us, of any such precise condition of that organ. There are, indeed, numerous instances of abdominal dropsies, in those labouring under a scirrhous or enlarged state of the liver; but there are also, numerous examples of such states of the liver, as well as of the spleen and other organs, without any such effusion; and in many cases, when such effusion has taken place, it has been carried off by the natural passages or by tapping, without any return of the dropsy; and yet, without any visible change in the structural condition of the liver.' Further remarks, that if the cause were mechanical and existed in the liver, the effect should be constant; which, however, is not the case. Besides, were this mechanical cause necessary, how could we account for the appearance of abdominal dropsy, where there is no disease of the liver, or in other cavities, where no mechanical cause is asserted to be present, and where the remedies by which the cure is effected, have no relation to such causes? Again, if the discharge depended upon a mechanical cause, the water should in every case be of a uniform fluidity, and the progress of its accumulation likewise uniform; so that the operation of tapping should have no tendency to induce a more rapid refilling of the cavity. Yet, the contrary of all this is a subject of daily observation. In addition to this, Dr. Calls the attention to the fact, that in experiments, in which obstruction has been artificially made, by tying the vena cava for example, the experimenter has committed an error, in reasoning from the lower animal to man—assuming, that as ascites had arisen in dogs, it would in like manner have occurred in human subjects. 'That the dropsical effusion, in whatever part it may be seated, does not arise from any want of tone in the exhalant or absorbent system, or from a mechanical obstruction in the liver or other viscus; but, that it proceeds from a morbid action in the cellular or serous tissues, and that this action, as we shall now proceed to show, is allied in its nature to inflammation.' In support of this opinion, Dr. Ayre remarks, that all the phenomena belonging to cases of watery effusion, met with under one or other of the forms of inflammation, are common to those of dropsy. Thus the fluid, discharged under the cuticle in erysipelas or in inflammation induced by heat or a blister, or in cases of pemphigus, is a secretion, and resembles in all respects the fluid found in dropsy. In some cases of acknowledged inflammation, the fluid effused is found to vary greatly in its degree of tenuity, so as to be sometimes of quite a viscid nature. The same circumstance is met with in dropsy; the fluid of which varies sometimes in different forms of the disease, and at different periods in the same patient. With regard to the absence of pain, in ordinary cases of local or general dropsy, which, in the minds of many physicians, might seem to militate against this view of the subject,—since pain accompanies the inflammation of a blister, Dr. Very justly says, that the difference is referrible to a different degree of sensibility of the parts affected; that, moreover, in pemphigus there is no pain, and that chronic inflammation of the serous membranes is little painful. That the morbid action producing the effusion is only a modification of inflammation, our author thinks may be further shown by the fact that it obeys the same laws—being translated occasionally, like it, from one part of the body to another. On this subject, Dr. Ayre makes the very pertinent remark, that in these cases, the fluid alone has been thought to be translated; but that the metastasis, is without doubt, exclusively of the action which produces the serous discharge. Analogous also to what occurs in inflammation, especially of the erysipelatous kind, the action occasioning the effusion, as seen in anasarca, commences at a given point, and gradually extends from thence in a continuous course. It ought also to be noticed, that the results of common inflammation vary according to the intensity of the cause; the lowest degree of it, occasioning an increase in the quantity of the proper fluids of the part,—a higher degree, yielding for its product coagulable lymph, and a still higher one producing pus. All these several products of common inflammation, are more or less remedial of their cause; or in other words, are the immediate means of the cessation or abatement of the inflammation which produces them. This same power is likewise a property, though in a much less degree, of the hydropic effusion, when the inflammation which produces it, is idiopathic; or in other words, not created by a visceral or other disease, or some particular excitement of the general system, as is seen in cases of anasarca. 'And here,' continues our author, 'it may be proper to remark upon a common error, committed by those, who, mistaking the nature of the action which produces the serous effusion, look in the post mortem examination, for some of the common signs of an inflammation having existed; and who conclude, upon not finding such, that the water was derived from some mechanical or other cause foreign to the true one. But in the higher forms of abdominal inflammation, the products are pus or lymph, and these are found upon the surface of the peritoneum, with sometimes a thickening and discoloration or ulceration of its substance; whilst in the lowest form of that increased action to which the serous membranes are subject, the only product is the serous fluid, and there can be, therefore, no visible alteration produced by it in the structure of the serous tissue.' 'By the hydropic or serous inflammation, obeying the same laws which govern the other degrees of common inflammation, it follows, that upon a higher excitement being superinduced upon it, the serous effusion should cease. This, therefore, is found to happen in every case, where such higher excitement is brought on. This increased inflammation is sometimes occasioned by design or accident, and at other times, it occurs in the natural and progressive course of some disease, formed within the cavity, which is the seat of the dropsical effusion.' This is exemplified in the effects of the operation for the radical cure of hydrocele; or in the operation of tapping in some cases of ovarian dropsy; or even in some instances, of ascites from chronic inflammation of the liver, spleen, mesentery, &c. In all these cases, the serous membrane, which directly or indirectly was affected to a sufficient degree to occasion a serous effusion, takes on, from the extension of a visceral disease, or from some other cause, a higher degree of inflammation—lymph is thrown out, and the cavity becomes obliterated. 'Now from these, and similar examples, which have fallen under my observations, I think it may be assumed, that ascites, when proceeding from some visceral disease, (and the principle applies to hydropic effusions from the pressure of disease in other cavities,) does so by the gradual extension of the chronic inflammation of the internal cellular or serous tissues of the diseased organ, to its outer external coverings; and that, commencing here as from a point, the serous or hydropic inflammation is progressively propagated through the whole of the serous membrane of the cavity. By the disease within the cellular tissue of the diseased viscous increasing, a corresponding increase, in these cases, will ensue of the disease on the surface of the membrane investing it; until at length a susceptibility to take on a higher action is induced, which only requires any slight occasional cause to establish. Under this condition of an increased excitement in the peritoneal or other serous membrane, coagulable lymph is discharged into its cellular tissue, and a thickening of it takes place; until at length the operation of paracentesis, which in the early stage of the disease was attended with only inconsiderable inconvenience, becomes an adequate cause of a still higher inflammation, which terminates perhaps in suppuration; and, in the post mortem examination the serous fluid is found so mixed with coagulable lymph, and purulent matter, as to give a whey or milk-like appearance to the mass. The quantity of serous fluid, in these cases, is generally small, when compared with what was accumulated in the intervals of former tappings; for the vascular excitement which occasions the discharge of coagulable lymph, is destructive of that which pours out the serous fluid.' Remarks, that, besides the particular facts deduced from observations on dropsy as a local disease, and which prove its relation to diseases of local excitement, there is a further support to be given to these views by various proofs that are afforded from observations upon the urine, of serous inflammation producing local dropsy, being frequently connected with one of a general kind. 'So that the inflammatory state of the system becomes sometimes a cause of the effusion into a cavity, and at other times an effect of this state.' After giving full credit to Drs. Wells and Blackall for their researches into the state of the urine in dropsy, our author remarks, that there are certain conclusions deducible, which appear not to have been contemplated by those gentlemen, but which are strictly accordant with the pathological views he has endeavoured to establish in the present work. 'According to these facts, it appears, that when the disease of dropsy is under a sub-acute form, and of the anasarcous kind, it is usually idiopathic, and, often originating from cold; and in this state, as well as in the symptomatic form, though in a less degree, the urine is found to contain a portion of serum. It is nearly peculiar to this disease, and denotes, according to the quantity of it contained in the urine, the amount of that excitement in the cellular tissue, and of the general vascular system, which may be termed serous inflammation: for it is met with most considerably in those forms of the disease, in which these particular states of the body are most apparent.' Serum is therefore found in greater abundance, when anasarca precedes the local dropsy, which, in Dr. S opinion, denotes the operation of a general cause. This is found to be the case especially in anasarca after scarlet fever. In cases of anasarca, the skin, kidneys, and bowels are very defective in their operation. Serum is also found, though in a smaller quantity, in those cases in which the anasarca has followed the local dropsy; for the disease of the viscus, which is the cause of the inflammation in the serous membrane of the cavity, may produce an adequate degree of the vascular excitement which gives rise to a discharge in the cellular tissue. Our author sums up his observations on this subject, by remarking, that there appear to be four distinct conditions of the system by which the occurrence of serum in the urine is regulated. 'Hence, therefore, the tendency of dropsical parts to fall into gangrene, and which has been urged, as an argument, in proof of debility being the cause of the serous effusion, is only what is common to other forms of local inflammation, under a similar condition of the body.' From the view he has adopted of the nature of dropsy, Dr. Ayre thinks that the excitement of the parts, giving rise to the effusion, may be either 1st. Sub-acute or chronic. Symptomatic or idiopathic. In other words, that it may arise from a local disease, or from the common causes of inflammation; and that these causes may be either general or particular. That the serous inflammation may be either local or general, giving rise to a general or local effusion. After offering so copious an analysis of Dr. Ayre's sentiments respecting the pathology of dropsy, it is unnecessary to enlarge very fully on the application of his theory to the particular forms of that disease. We shall, however, offer a rapid review, of some of his opinions, and next detail the method of treatment he proposes for the cure of these dangerous maladies. We commence with hydrocephalus, which he remarks has been divided into an acute and chronic form. This division, our author thinks, is correct in a certain sense; for the disease varies much in duration,—running its course, sometimes in a few days; and at other times continuing several weeks. Yet, he continues, the terms acute and chronic must be understood as restricted to that particular form of inflammation producing a serous effusion, and not as denoting the highest and lowest degrees of common inflammation. It is from the want of this distinction that much confusion has arisen in our speculations relative to the pathology of hydrocephalus. Ayre calls our attention to the fact, that the forms of hydrocephalus denominated by Dr. Golis hyperacute and acute, do not differ from the sub-acute phrenitis of nosologists, in which pus and coagulable lymph are the proper products, with sometimes a serous effusion into the ventricles as an accidental effect; all of which forms of inflammation, the serous membranes of the brain, and of other cavities are liable to take on; and adds. 'Now, the true hydrocephalus internus stands distinguished from these, in the nature of the inflammation of which it consists, in the same way, precisely, that the serous inflammation of the pleura, producing simple hydrothorax, is distinct from that higher degree of vascular excitement, which occasions an effusion of pus or lymph. Relatively to these, therefore, the disease is in a chronic form; and consists, we may repeat, of that lowest degree of inflammation to which serous membranes are subject, and the effect of which is to increase the natural secretion of the part, so as to cause, in regard to the brain, an accumulation of that fluid in its cavities.' Dropsy of the brain is usually divided into three stages. In the first, continues our author, vascular excitement exists, as denoted by pain in the head increasing in acuteness with the increase of the disease; and in infants by a restless movement of the head upon the pillow, moaning, occasional screamings, sickness, retching, impatience of light and noise, contractions of the pupils, delirious terrors, &c. The second stage is indicated by signs of pressure on the brain by effused fluid, and by an absence of pain, excepting upon raising or moving the head, convulsions, permanent dilatation of the pupils, squinting, blindness, slow intermitting pulse, hemiplegia, and a peculiar placid expression of the countenance, &c. The third stage is made up of some of these symptoms, together with other ulterior ones which follow the vascular reaction. On this subject, Dr. Offers the following remarks. 'With respect, however, to the division thus formed of this disease, it is, I think, somewhat questionable, whether it be pathologically correct; for strictly speaking, the true disease is comprised between the incipient beginnings of the inflammation, and its termination by the effusion; since the symptoms which follow, and compose what are called the second and third stages, are little more than the consequences of the disease, and arise from the mechanical pressure of the water upon the brain. The progress, therefore, of what may be strictly considered the disease, should perhaps be considered as terminating with the occurrence of the effusion, which is often remedial of the excitement causing it; and the whole disorder, to be thus made up of two distinct states, the first consisting of symptoms, which commencing with the excitement, terminate with the serous discharge; whilst the second is composed of those of a secondary kind, and which are wholly dependent for their origin and continuance, on a mechanical pressure from the effused fluid.' Hydrocephalus may occur, either as an idiopathic or symptomatic affection. As the first, it may arise, where there exists a predisposition in the brain, from various injuries inflicted on the head by slight blows;—from all the general causes of inflammation—from the sudden drying up of long established discharges—the sudden repulsion of cutaneous eruptions, or the imperfect evolution of that or other sanative actions of the system, at the close of some febrile diseases, usually denominated defect of crisis. When, on the other hand, the disease is symptomatic, it may arise from a particular cause seated within the head, or in some distant part of the body. The former variety is not common among children, and when it does occur, it is the result of some chronic disease, as a tumour or a thickened state of the arachnoid or other membranes of the brain, resulting from a former inflammation. 'Sometimes, adult patients wholly recover from chronic or sub-acute inflammation, which induced the structural disease, and this last becomes, at some future period, the occasional cause of the hydropic one.' At other times, the chronic inflammation continues, and finally extends to the serous membrane, giving rise to the effusion. 'The most usual cause of the disease, however, particularly in children, is an irritation which is sympathetically communicated to the brain, from a disturbance in the chylopoietic organs; and particularly from a functional disorder of the liver. The cerebral disorder, to which a derangement in the digestive functions thus gives rise, is only one of those numerous effects which arise out of sympathies, subsisting between these organs and different parts of the system. In many cases, the same sympathetic irritation is successively and variously directed to different parts of the system. It will thus leave one organ or part, and suddenly move to another; and through the operation of causes, which are not always obvious, but which have a relation to some particular predisposition, inherent or acquired. In this way, an irritation may occasion an eruption upon the skin, and thence be translated to the bronchial lining, producing a cough; and next perhaps, to the serous tissue of the brain, exciting there a turgescent or congestive state of the cerebral vessels, by which symptoms are produced, through the pressure of the congestive vessels, that simulate those of hydrocephalus; or the true disease is brought on by an arterial re-action, ensuing upon the congestion, which is resolved by a serous effusion.' Golis, from observing the marked connexion 'between the turgescent state of the brain from chylopoietic disturbance, and its serous inflammation, has concluded, that it essentially pertains to it;' consequently, that 'whenever it occurs, it is a part of it;' that it should be considered as forming the first stage of the disease, and that in all instances, it precedes the excitement. He has, for the same reason, constituted all the symptoms of the chylopoietic disease into the first stage of hydrocephalus. Ayre shows, however, that this state of turgescence, is not essential to the disease, and is only a sympathetic effect, which in the majority of instances, requires no treatment, (at least a very subordinate one,) other than that of the primary affection. He concludes his remarks on hydrocephalus, with the following words. 'The cerebral turgescence and disturbance, therefore, in whatever degree they may exist, are only, when sympathetically produced, to be considered as morbid causes, whose presence, where the predisposition prevails, may lead to a serous inflammation of the tissues of the brain, but which do not form, in any sense, parts of the disease itself; since, under every degree of them, they are so frequently remediable, by means which are alone available, for the removal of their distant and sympathetic cause.' Of Hydrothorax, Dr. Ayre very justly remarks, that, as its name imports and as defined by Nosologists, it consists of symptoms, which strictly speaking, pertain only remotely to the true disease—arising, as they do, from a certain disturbance given to the lungs, by the pressure of water upon them. They are only the symptoms, therefore, of the effusion, and as the excitement sometimes terminates with the occurrence of the serous discharge, its existence, in many cases, is discoverable only by its effects—there existing no signs, which clearly point out the presence of that state, previous to the appearance of the effusion; and what are usually called, by writers on the subject, premonitory symptoms, being only those of an inferior degree of the effusion which has already commenced. Like hydrocephalus, hydrothorax may be idiopathic or symptomatic; and proceed from a local or general cause—the nature of the inflammation being the same in both cases. It may likewise be divided into an acute and chronic form. When the disease is symptomatic, and arises from a local cause, it is generally chronic. When it arises secondarily from a disease of the lungs, our author thinks, that. 'The mode by which this state is induced in the serous membranes, is by the chronic inflammation that exists in the diseased organ extending to them; and not by the same form of inflammation being set up in them, by a certain sympathy or consent of parts, which, from a loose analogy, has been thought to subsist between similar structures.' All diseases of the thoracic organs, are not equally prone to occasion effusion; some of these also, are only dangerous to life, in proportion to their disposition in occasioning such an effusion; whilst in other cases, if it occurs at all, the effusion is only the sequel of a disease essentially fatal. 'To distinguish between these two conditions, is a desideratum pathology. Modern writers on pathological anatomy have prosecuted with considerable zeal and ability, their researches into the nature of the diseases of the organs within the chest, but they have done but little towards elucidating the true relation, which subsists between the diseases of the several viscera, and the serous effusions which take place into their cavities; for, by limiting their views to the disease which the post mortem examination exhibited, they have overlooked those intermediate actions or states of excitement which connect the organic disease with such effusions.' Whenever the excitement, producing hydrothorax, is idiopathic and independent of an organic disease of the lungs, heart, &c. Its remote causes may be either of a general or local kind; and are the same which produce, when applied in a higher degree, or under different states of the system, the other forms of inflammation. The effusion may take place in those cases in which, the individual being predisposed, the inflammation, owing to some peculiarity in the cause, does not reach beyond its lowest grade; or in those in which the inflammation being high, and treated too late, or by insufficient means, a chronic form succeeds to the acute one, which may produce a watery effusion; or some structural disease remains and eventually becomes a cause of the effusion. The occurrence of this effect, in those latter cases, is sometimes attributed to a debility, resulting from the large depletion required in consequence of the severity of the previous inflammation. 'That such opinions, however, are founded in error, may be shown from this, that the effusion, thus imputed to debility, does not occur sometimes, until some weeks or months after the period when the bleeding was employed; and although the debility is confessedly of a general kind, yet the effusion is local, and is precisely in the very cavity where the disease existed, which required the unjustly condemned evacuations. The truth of the matter is, that in such cases, either the depletory means have been employed in an insufficient degree, or too late.' 'The imperfect recovery of such patients from their first attack, and, which is attributed to the depletion, arises from the disease which is left by it, and to the injudicious means, perhaps, that are employed by the too anxious attendants, with the view of restoring the strength.' Among the ordinary predisposing and exciting causes of the inflammation which produces hydrothorax, Dr. Mentions a certain congestive or plethoric state of the circulation, which is brought on in some persons of particular habits, by indulging in the pleasures of the table, and taking little exercise. These cases are analogous to those occurring in the brain, and giving rise, by rupture, to a sanguineous apoplexy, or, by arterial reaction, inducing an effusion of serum. Next proceeds to the subject of ascites, the symptoms of which he remarks are at first so obscure, that the disease is sometimes with difficulty detected. The remote causes of ascites may be either symptomatic or idiopathic, and either local or general. When symptomatic, it may be seated in some diseased viscus, as the liver, spleen, or in the mesenteric glands, &c. 'To produce, however, a dropsical effusion into the abdomen from this cause, it is necessary that the disease of this viscus should be making progress; for, in its indolent state, or, in other words, if inflammation be not present in it, it is incapable from its mere bulk, as is commonly but erroneously supposed, of producing this effect.' 'Nor does the serous discharge always take place into the abdomen, in every case where these organs are morbidly affected, but only where their peritoneal covering participates in the disease; for the chronic inflammation in those cases, where it occasions ascites, does so by extending from the cellular tissue of the internal structure of the organ, to the serous tissue investing in it.' 'When ascites is an idiopathic affection, it may proceed from all the common causes of inflammation. The most frequent cause is cold, and which may act either locally or generally. When in the latter mode, the ascites is usually combined with anasarca, and the disorder generally comes on suddenly, and has a rapid progress. The vascular system is excited, and there is more than usual thirst; the blood when drawn exhibits the buffy appearance; and the urine, when subjected to heat, is found to coagulate strongly, from the large quantity of serum contained in it. In some of the severer cases, the effusion into the abdomen takes place very suddenly, and yet, by a copious bleeding the disease may be at once arrested, and the water be afterwards absorbed.' Unlike what occurs in hydrothorax and hydrocephalus, the effusion in the present form of dropsy is of inconsiderable importance, compared to the visceral disease which is its remote cause. When, however, the accumulation becomes very considerable, the pressure of the fluid may affect the organs, and more particularly the peritoneal lining, which from the irritation induced in it, may take on a higher grade of inflammation, terminating in effusion of coagulable lymph or pus, and in death. The necessity which arises of tapping, where the effusion is very considerable, proves sometimes a farther cause, perhaps, of aggravating the disease of the affected viscus, and either of renewing or extending the hydropic excitement, or of converting it into a higher or more destructive form of inflammation. By most writers on dropsy, anasarca has been maintained to originate, in all instances, in debility, and to be curable only by a tonic and invigorating plan. It is true that some writers, especially among the ancients, (for we can hardly class Portal among the moderns,) have spoken of the disease as arising occasionally from a plethoric state of the circulation, and enforced the necessity, under these circumstances, of venesection. This view of the pathology of anasarca, although leading in many instances to a successful practice, was, however, vague and often unsatisfactory. To the late Dr. Rush, and to Dr. Parry, much credit is certainly due for their labours on this subject; but so far as we are informed, it was not until within a few years, that the subject was cleared of part of the obscurity in which is was involved, and that the disease, at least the active sort, has been referred to an irritation of the cellular tissue. Following up this opinion, and generalizing still more than the French pathologists, our author asserts that anasarca invariably consists in an inflammation of the cellular membrane of the body, with a serous effusion as its result. The accumulation, he continues, may be either idiopathic or symptomatic, and either general or local; occurring only under two forms, the one being of greater intensity that the other. In general, the disease derives all its importance from the nature of the remote cause. 'But the most common form of anasarca is that which is symptomatic of some visceral disease; and which, as it ordinarily appears, arises from a state of the system that answers to the hydropic diathesis of systematic authors.' This form of the disease begins in the lower extremities, and is rarely attended with strong signs of local excitement so obvious in anasarca of the idiopathic kind. Its occurrence has been referred to various causes. When combined with ascites, it is supposed to arise from pressure of the iliac veins by the fluid accumulated in the abdomen,—an opinion which our author combats by repeating, in great measure, the arguments we have already noticed. 'The first, consisting of means to correct, with its causes, that turgescent state of the brain, which may produce the arterial re-action and effusion; the second, of those which shall subdue the excitement, when formed; the third, to correct or relieve, as far as it is practicable, the effects of the effusion, and procure, if possible, its absorption.' With respect to the general causes, tending to produce that congestive state of the brain, precursory to its inflammation, he remarks, that they are of three kinds; 1st. Those acting through the general system, and consisting of an irritation, from some obstructed or required evacuation; 2nd. A local disease, seated in the head, or a local injury inflicted on it; 3d. Chylopoietic disturbance, acting sympathetically upon the brain. When the first of these causes appears to have been instrumental, in occasioning this condition of the brain, it is plain that it must be removed, and the obstructed emunctory corrected,—the suppressed evacuation promoted, or a new and artificial one substituted. When there exists any structural disease within the head, or a relic of a former state of excitement, a serous inflammation may be reasonably apprehended, and to avert it, the most rigid and undeviating attention must be paid to regimen, whilst cupping and leeching must be employed, and a seton fixed in the neck. 'For the object of the treatment, in these cases, is not to remove, but to avert the inflammation, and which, from the strong disposition to it, conferred by the organic disease, can only be effected by avoiding, not merely the causes of inflammation, but likewise, all those agents, which are calculated, in any way, to increase the momentum of the circulation.' 'Beyond those, the common precautions against morbid irritations, little else can be done.' When the turgescent state of the brain, arises from a disturbance in the digestive organs, it will be remedied, by means directed to this cause. Our author locates the primary seat of this disturbance, in most cases, in the liver; though he admits, it may occasionally be in the stomach and intestines. He places great reliance for correcting and increasing the secretion of bile, on small doses of calomel,—purging off the contents of the intestines by aperient medicines; and recommends, at the same time, the application of cups and leeches to the temples, as a measure of precaution. He very properly lays considerable stress on the necessity of combating this secondary affection of the head. 'For though the means applied, to correct the disorder in the digestive organs, may be sufficient to remove the turgescent state of the brain, which arose from it, yet, those means will have little or no control over the excitement, which that turgescent state has created; and still less can they avail in subduing an excitement, that may even survive its remote cause, and continue independently of it. By overlooking these facts, much distrust and disappointment have arisen with many, who confided in the opinion, delivered by some writers, of the uniform prevalency of chylopoietic disturbance, as a cause of this disease, and of the sufficiency of calomel to remove it.' When the inflammation exists, and is a sequel of some pre-existing structural disease in the brain or membranes, all that can be reasonably expected, is to palliate it by the antiphlogistic plan; but when it is idiopathic it may readily be cured, by the same remedies, graduated to the age and strength of the patient and to the violence of the attack. Seems to rely principally on cups and leeches;—not excluding, in some cases, bleeding from the arm. Blisters to the summit of the head and afterwards a cold evaporating lotion to the temples, are also recommended. As soon as, by these means, an impression is made on the disease, mild diaphoretic medicines, assisted by the tepid bath, or the pediluvium, maybe prescribed;—the bowels are to be kept open by small doses of calomel, followed after two hours by a draught of some aperient medicine,—the antiphlogistic regimen should be rigidly enforced, and light and noise carefully excluded. 'Many practitioners give the mild preparations of mercury, and particularly calomel, freely in this disease, under a notion of its having some specific power in subduing it; but it never should be so used, excepting in cases where the disease is symptomatic of some functional disturbance in the liver and other chylopoietic organs, where it is calculated, in conjunction with the local bleeding, &c. To afford the most important service.' With a view of pointing out some characteristic sign, by which to distinguish those cases in which the affection of the bowels is primary from those in which it is secondary, he remarks—. 'The condition of the stools at the period when a child is labouring under the disease, will afford to such persons but an imperfect notion of its true nature; for the disturbance of the brain will often create a disorder in the secretions, both of the liver and the other chylopoietic organs, producing green looking stools; and there is often a congestive state of the brain for a short time preceding the full development of the idiopathic excitement, which may, in like manner, by reacting upon the liver, create a disorder there. In cases, however, which are symptomatic of this cause, the chylopoietic disturbance will be found to have existed several days or even weeks; and the origin of the disorder, in like manner, may be commonly traced to some irregularity of diet, or other obvious causes, and frequently in infants to those which are connected with premature weaning; and sometimes even the cerebral disorder itself will have been only the last of a series of effects in the system, to which such disturbance had given rise.' Agreeably to Dr. A., it is not proper to discontinue those means, immediately upon the occurrence of what appears to be symptoms of effusion, since, frequently, these symptoms, as it respects the effusion, will immediately manifest their fictitious character, and disappear under a treatment no wise adapted to such a state, and with a rapidity, too, which equally betrays their true nature. He notices, though we believe not in its proper place, a modification of the disease in which the effusion takes place in the cellular membrane of the substance of the brain, and thinks this species more likely to be recovered from than when the water accumulates in the ventricles. He concludes this section by remarking, that. 'Of the means to be employed to promote the absorption of the water, under these or other circumstances of its accumulation in the brain, little satisfactory can be said. The treatment must be founded on the use of such means as shall avert the risk of renewing an inflammation in the organ. To this end, occasional blistering the head will be proper; the diet must be spare, and the several secretions, particularly those of the kidneys, must be cautiously promoted.' We next turn to the treatment of hydrothorax and ascites. As the existence of hydrothorax in its early stage is difficult to ascertain, and as what have been called premonitory symptoms are only those proper to the mildest forms of the disease, and not of that condition of the parts which gives rise to the effusion, the treatment is somewhat difficult, and, in too many instances, our remedies are directed, not to the disease itself, but to one of its effects. Faithful to his view of the pathology of dropsy, Dr. Remarks, that the plan of treatment to be pursued at an early stage of symptomatic hydrothorax, must consist in the use of those means which shall subdue the chronic excitement of the serous membrane, as well as the chronic inflammation of the diseased organ. To attain this end, the antiphlogistic and revulsive plans, graduated to the age and strength of the patient, and to the violence of the disease are recommended. In general the frequent application of leeches are held by Dr. As preferable to venesection, unless the patient be plethoric, and the disease arise from a local congestion within the chest, which, according to him, is often a cause of serous inflammation of the thoracic tissue, independently of any previous disease. Ayre calls attention to the fact, that topical bleeding is particularly adapted to correct that chronic inflammation of the serous membranes, which causes an effusion from them, and which is neither the result of any inflammatory excitement of the general system, nor of a nature to produce it; and that when properly conducted, it has the advantage of acting only slightly on the general system, and therefore only slightly on the general strength, and very considerably on the local disease. Together with leeches, blisters are to be used, and after the chronic action existing in the serous membrane is subdued by these means, a seton fixed in the integuments of the chest will be found of great utility. The same treatment will be found equally serviceable, not only to correct the chronic excitement existing in the peritoneal membrane and giving rise to ascites, but very commonly to cure or palliate the visceral disease producing it. In respect to the very common practice of resorting to mercury in this complaint, our author makes the following judicious remarks. 'The sensible operation of these medicines,' he says, 'as is well known, is to promote the secretion of the kidneys. 'Whilst the objections to its employment consist in the danger which is incurred, where there is much visceral disease, of its causing a destructive form of inflammation in the peritoneum; and the probability of its occasioning, under the most favourable condition of the disease, a more rapid renewal of the serous accumulation.' Our limits not allowing us to enter on the treatment of ovarian dropsy, we proceed to offer a few remarks on the means recommended by Dr. For the cure of anasarca. As in the treatment of every other form of dropsy, it is necessary, in attempting the cure of anasarca, to advert to the nature and causes of the disease. 'If it be idiopathic, and unconnected with any dropsy of a circumscribed cavity, and the pulse at the same time be soft, and the urine free from serum, it may be treated solely with the view of procuring the absorption of the effused fluid, as in such cases, the watery discharge in all probability will have removed, in a considerable degree, the excitement which caused it.' It is in such cases that recoveries take place under almost any plan of treatment, and that bark and other tonics have been found beneficial. Their utility, however, in these cases is very limited, consisting only in aiding the removal of the effects of the disease, and keeping up the strength of the system, whilst the absorbents perform their function, and remove the fluid. Recommends, in these cases, puncturing and bandages; but he very justly adds, that they must not be employed, whenever there remains any inflammation in the parts, as they would then tend to aggravate it. 'Large apertures into the peritoneum of the rabbit, do not immediately induce a dangerous prostration, of strength.' 'Large apertures into the peritoneal sac of the rabbit, are not necessary, nor perhaps generally, productive of fatal inflammation.' 'In the rabbit, the kidney, the spleen, and a large piece of the bladder may be extirpated, without necessarily causing death; though death under the first operation is probable.' 'When the abdomen is laid open, and parts are removed from it in the rabbit, the first danger arises apparently from collapse; the second from general inflammation; and the last from chronic disease.' (Vide experiments.) 5thly. 'The rabbit's abdomen is very tender, probably no less so than that of man.' 'Success in abdominal operations on the rabbit, furnishes a presumption in favour of success in similar operations on the human abdomen; and, therefore, from these experiments, we may infer, presumptively, that moderate openings into the human peritoneum will not necessarily, nor even generally prove fatal from inflammation or otherwise; and further, that certain viscera or parts of viscera, not essential to the welfare of our structure, may be removed from the belly, without necessarily, or even generally, producing death. The extirpation of the kidney must be highly dangerous; but there is a presumption in favour of the successful removal of the spleen, the ovaries, or even of large pieces of the bladder.' Having stated the foregoing results and inferences, proceeds by relating instances of severe injury sustained by the human body, without being followed by death. These are confirmatory of his inferences from the experiments on rabbits. The instances given are—an os uteri torn off; extensive laceration of the uterus and rectum in labour; four uteri extirpated on account of chronic inversion, (p. 13.) One of these last under his own care. It was removed by a wire, and came off in 11 days, without one bad symptom, (p. 14.) Rupture and laceration of the abdominal coverings, four fingers' breadth, the bowels hanging out, (p. 14.) Two spleens removed; one in a soldier after the battle of Dettingen, who recovered without inconvenience afterwards; the other in a Mexican, whose case is related by Dr. O'Brien, in his Inaugural Essay, Edinb. 15.) Three cases of rupture of the dropsical ovary. Two cases of opening into the abdomen, for the extirpation of dropsical ovaries, (p. 18.) Five cases of laceration of the uterus by natural efforts. Four of the women died, but in the fifth, Dr. Blundell turned and delivered, after the child had escaped into the peritoneal sac, and the woman recovered, (p. 20.) Cesarian operation, three times by friend of Dr. Haighton; once successfully, (p. Says, 'From these (facts) few as they are, I feel conscious that no certain inference can yet be drawn; though presumptive inferences certainly may, and they seem to me to be the following. Small wounds, as tapping, hernia, &c. Do not induce fatal peritonitis; and therefore the vulgar opinion that inflammation in a spot of the peritoneum will almost invariably diffuse itself over the greater part of it, is probably unfounded. Extensive divisions of the peritoneum are not necessarily fatal by inflammation or otherwise, and probably not generally so. That the womb, spleen, and ovaries, may be removed in the mode mentioned, without necessarily, and, presumptively, without generally destroying life. That the gravid uterus may be torn open; the child may escape into the peritoneal sac; the os uteri may be torn off: not indeed, so far as these cases may be relied on, without great danger, but twice, in seven instances, without death. The peritoneum and abdominal viscera will bear more injury than the British surgeons seem disposed to admit. That the above observations on the human abdomen, are in unison with those drawn from observations on the rabbit; and that observations made on the brute have more correspondence with those on the human being, than is generally believed.' Blundell next remarks, that the facts related create a suspicion that a bolder abdominal surgery would not be unattended with success, and recommends the following operations to ' consideration merely, and not to practice, except in otherwise desperate cases.' 'When the Cesarian section is performed, divide or remove a small piece of Fallopian tube, so as to prevent the danger of reimpregnation, without destroying the sexual propensity. The need for a second operation might thus be certainly prevented, without scarcely increasing the danger.' 'Extirpation of healthy ovaries.' 'The extirpation of the ovarian cyst in scirrhus, combined with dropsy, or in simple dropsy.' He remarks, 'This operation will, I am persuaded, ultimately come into general use; and if the British surgeons will not patronize and perform it, the French and American surgeons will.' 'The removal of a large circular piece of the cyst in ovarian dropsy, when the sac itself cannot be extirpated.' 'The removal of the cancerous womb, when the ulceration first makes its appearance. Might not the womb be taken out above the symphysis pubis, or through the outlet of the pelvis?' 'Extirpation of the puerperal uterus.' He suggests the removal of the whole womb after the Cesarian section, in order that the smaller might take place of the larger and more formidable wound through the uterus—but says expressly, 'No operation perhaps can be more unpromising, shall I say more unjustifiable, in the present state of our knowledge; but I thought it proper to mention it.' 'Should the bladder give way into the peritoneum,' he asks, 'Why should we not lay open the abdomen, tie up the bladder, discharge the urine, and wash out the peritoneum thoroughly, by the injection of warm water?' - - - - - 9thly. Injection of astringents into the ovarian cyst or peritoneal sac, unjustifiable. 'In cases of strongly characterized introsusception,' why not make an opening into the peritoneum; and 'pass the small intestines, fold by fold, through the fingers.' Has repeatedly done this in the dog and rabbit, without producing death, or extensive and dangerous inflammation. In the rabbit, he has tied an abdominal artery, and carried the end of the ligature with a broad needle out through the back, opposite to the place of the vessel. This ligature can come away, and is a better mode than to leave it hanging out at the abdomen, or entirely among the bowels, where it forms a sac of puriform matter, and to appearance lays the foundation of chronic disease. Blundell closes this paper by saying, that since the substance of it was read before the Medico-Chirurgical Society in 1823, Dr. Ritzius, a Swedish physician, had informed him in London, 'that the complete removal of the cancerous womb had been, to his personal knowledge, performed on the Continent five times. All the patients recovered from the operation,' &c. 'The womb was removed through the outlet of the pelvis.' Since we read Dr. Blundell's recommendations to the new operations, we have been astonished to notice in the Ed. Journal, July, 1825, that a German surgeon had actually treated a case of ileus in the manner recommended by Dr. It is from Hufeland's Journal of Feb. After it was ascertained that an immoveable introsusception existed—. 'The patient was placed on a convenient table. We examined accurately the situation of the hardening, ( which marked the diseased part), and determined on opening the abdomen at the outer edge of the right rectus muscle, about two inches above the navel. After dividing the integuments with a common scalpel, and making a small opening in the peritoneum, I introduced my finger, and with a blunt pointed scalpel divided the peritoneum, so as to make it correspond with the external opening, which was between two and three inches. I then besmeared my hand with oil, and carried it into the abdomen, in order to feel for the indurated part. Scarcely had I introduced my hand, than an attack of the pain came on, and a portion of the intestines was protruded through the wound, which was immediately replaced by my assistant. On continuing the examination, I discovered in a transverse portion of the ileum, a foreign substance, just where the hardened intestine was to be felt. I drew the intestine out, in order to examine it more minutely. The intestine was neither inflamed nor expanded, but it contained in its cavity a soft coherent and compact mass, which at its upper part was somewhat compressed, and thus felt harder than the rest. So far as I could follow this part of the intestine, this contained matter was to be felt: I also here immediately detected an intus-susception, but in spite of all my efforts I could not reach the commencement of it, so as to bring it out. Two modes of proceeding were open to me, in order to remove the intus-susception; either to make a transverse incision in the integuments, from the right to the left side, or to open the intestine itself. The last mode seemed to me the most adviseable, both because the patient was already very much exhausted, and because the operation would be sooner completed. The intestine was opened at the end of the discovered intus-susceptio, and immediately a part of the strictured intestine came into view. I introduced my finger into the opening in the intestine, which was made about two inches in length, and gradually pushed the intus-suscepted part back from the right to the left side, whilst I gently drew that part of the intestine which contained the intus-susceptio towards me. By this means I fortunately succeeded in unfolding the tangled intestine, which amounted to two feet in length. There was not the slightest trace of inflammation, nor any thing unnatural to be discovered in the part; there was merely a round worm, which was situated in the upper part of the intus-susceptio. The intestine was brought together by means of six spiral stitches, after the manner of the glover's suture, and the end of the silk was allowed to hang out of the external wound in the abdomen.' The sutures were removed on the 8th day. On the 14th day, the man was cured, and continues well up to the date of the account. Article XI.— An Inquiry into the Nature and Treatment of Diabetes, Calculus, and other Affections of the Urinary Organs. By William Prout, M. From the second London Edition, published in 1825; with Notes and Additions, by S. Colhoun, M.D. Philadelphia, Towar & Hogan, 1826; pp. A very acceptable service has been done to the medical profession in this country, by the present republication of Dr. Prout's work on affections of the urinary organs. The American physician will now have it in his power, at a reasonable cost, to possess one of the best treatises on this interesting subject. From the known accuracy of Dr. Prout as a chemist, and his reputation as an accurate observer of nature, much new light was naturally expected as the result of his observations. Nor indeed have these high expectations been disappointed. After a careful perusal of his work, we have formed the highest opinion of his powers, both as an original thinker, and experimental inquirer. Prout begins his treatise with some introductory remarks on the composition of the urine, and on urinary derangements generally. After giving a comparative tabular view of the composition of the blood, and healthy and diseased urine, he proceeds to notice in succession, their principal constituents. As albuminous urine is of frequent occurrence in dropsical complaints, and its presence regulates in some degree the practice proper to be pursued, the following characters, given to it by Dr. Prout, should be well understood. 'Albuminous urine, on being exposed to a temperature of about 150° becomes opaque, and deposites this principle in a coagulated state. The precipitate varies considerably in its appearance in different instances. Sometimes it is of a firmer character, and similar to that formed by the serum of the blood, from which, in this case, it may be supposed to be derived; at other times it is very delicate and fragile in its texture, and somewhat resembles curd, when it may be supposed to be of chylous origin. In some instances, the effects of heat upon albuminous urine are increased by the addition of nitric acid. But the most delicate test of albuminous matter in general is dilute acetic acid, and the prussiate of potash.' Prout combats very successfully the opinion, generally entertained by chemists, that the power of healthy urine to redden litmus depends on the presence of free lithic acid. That this power cannot depend upon lithic acid uncombined, is made evident to Dr. By its sparing solubility; it requiring, according to our author, 10,000 times its weight of water to dissolve it, or six times as much as is stated by Dr. The reddening power of the urine is attributed by Dr. Prout to the presence of lithate of ammonia, and superphosphate of ammonia: the former of which, contrary to what might be expected, is found capable of reddening litmus, and of remaining in solution with the latter, without decomposition. The following interesting remarks are made by Dr. Prout on the effects of muriatic acid, in precipitating lithic acid gravel. 'The muriatic acid, in combination with soda and potash, occurs both in the blood and in the urine; thus appearing to pass through the kidneys unchanged. This acid and its compounds formerly appeared to be of less importance in a pathological point of view than any other similar principles existing in the urine: but since the unexpected fact has been ascertained, that muriatic acid in a free state exists abundantly in the stomachs of animals during the process of digestion, I have attended a little more closely to the appearance of this principle in the urine, and am disposed to believe, in consequence, that it is the cause of the precipitation of lithic acid gravel from the urine more frequently than any other acid. I do not mean to say, that it is the immediate cause of the precipitation of this acid; for in most instances, it acts like all powerful acids do under similar circumstances, namely, by liberating the weaker acids, which are thus enabled to act in their turn, and separate those having still weaker affinities than themselves. Thus, in the present instance, the muriatic acid may be supposed to separate the lactic, while the latter precipitates the lithic, &c. If this opinion be well founded, as I believe is the case, the muriatic acid may be considered of very great importance, not only in a pathological, but a physiological point of view; for if the muriatic acid, found in the urine in such instances, be supposed to have its origin in the digestive organs, we see at once the reason why the deposition of gravel is so liable to be influenced by the derangements in general, and more especially by the acidity, of the stomach.' 'The muriatic acid may be shown to exist in the urine by the white curdy precipitate insoluble in nitric acid, which is formed, when the nitrate of silver is added to it, after the sulphuric and phosphoric acids have been removed by the nitrate of barytes or lead.' After finishing these introductory subjects, Dr. Prout proceeds to the consideration of the diseases of the urinary organs themselves; which he divides into functional, mechanical, and organic. Under functional diseases, we have first, those, in which principles soluble in the urine are morbidly deranged in quantity or quality, embracing three chapters; and secondly, those affections, in which principles insoluble in the urine are morbidly deranged in quantity or quality, comprising six additional chapters. Under the first subdivision, the first chapter is on the affections, characterized by albuminous urine; the second, on diseases, in which an excess of urea is the characteristic symptom; and the third, on diabetes. The diseased derangement, consisting in an excess of urea in the urine, has not been particularly noticed by any writer before Dr. Prout, who believes that it has probably been confounded with that form of diabetes, called diabetes insipidus. The state of the urine and symptoms in this species of urinary derangement are thus described by our author. 'The average specific gravity of the urine seems to be a little above 1.020, and occasionally to vary from 1.015 to 1.030. Most generally it is pale, but occasionally it is high coloured, and exhibits somewhat the appearance of porter, more or less diluted with water; and this variety in appearance not unfrequently takes place in the urine of the same person. When first voided, it reddens litmus paper. For the most part, it is entirely free from sediment, except the mucous cloud of healthy urine; and the only remarkable property which it appears to possess, is that of containing abundance of urea; so that on the addition of nitric acid, crystallization speedily takes place. From the quantity of urea present, it is very prone to decomposition, and soon becomes alkaline, especially in warm weather. 'There is almost constantly in these diseases, a frequent and urgent desire of passing water both by night and day. This desire is for the most part evidently excited by actual diuresis, or the increased quantity of urine; but frequently it cannot be ascribed to this cause, as the quantity voided at one time is often by no means considerable; though in almost every instance that has fallen under my observation, the total quantity voided during any given time has appeared to be greater than natural. The quantity appears also to be particularly liable to be increased by cold weather, and by all causes producing mental agitation. There is sometimes a sense of weight or dull pain in the back, but this is by no means a constant symptom. There is also occasional irritation about the neck of the bladder, which sometimes extends along the urethra. The functions of the skin appear to be natural; at least in every case which has come under my own observation, perspiration has been rather easily induced. The pulse is not affected. There is no remarkable thirst, nor craving for food, except in extreme cases; nor are the functions of the stomach and bowels much deranged. Hence for the most part the tongue is clean, and the dejections regular and apparently natural. 'In most of the cases of this disease, which have hitherto fallen under my own immediate observation, the subjects have been middle-aged men, of thin and spare habit, with a sort of hollow-eyed anxiety of expression in their countenance, free from gout and constitutional disease in general, and, as far as could be ascertained, from any organic defect in the urinary organs. In every instance they had been induced to apply for medical advice, not so much from the pain, as from the inconvenience of the disease, and the dread of its ending in something worse; and, what may be worth remarking, in several instances confessed, that they had been addicted to masturbation from very early youth,' p. The remedy for this morbid derangement in the urinary secretion, most successful in the hands of Dr. Prout, was opium, either administered alone, or in conjunction with alkaline medicines. It is rather a rare affection. When not arrested, it is liable, according to Dr. Prout, to pass into diabetes. In his chapter on diabetes, our author makes many interesting remarks; but the space we are enabled to devote to this analysis, will permit us only to make an extract, which seems to prove a close connexion between the disease characterized by an excess of urea, and diabetes. 'It has been mentioned in the preceding pages, that an excess of urea frequently precedes the appearance of saccharine matter in the urine. Now it is a remarkable fact, that in diabetes, in proportion as the saccharine matter diminishes, that of urea generally increases; and in such instances, the presence of the former principle can not only be no longer distinguished by the sensible properties of the urine, but scarcely be demonstrated by the utmost skill of the most experienced chemist, though the specific gravity of the urine may at the same time be nearly 1.040. I have recently been favoured by Dr. Elliotson with the most complete and remarkable change of this description that has yet occurred to me. The patient, besides being diabetic, was in the last stage of phthisis, of which he died shortly afterwards. The quantity of urine passed daily, when I first examined it, was six or eight pints; its specific gravity was 1.038, and it contained a large proportion of very white sugar and very little urea. Elliotson under these circumstances gave opium, beginning with gr. I, and increasing the dose to gr. Iii, thrice a day. The opium produced stupor, and was obliged to be discontinued; but the effects produced upon the urine by its means were most remarkable. In about 60 hours, the quantity of urine diminished to two pints, its specific gravity was reduced to 1.0174, the saccharine matter had apparently disappeared, and was superseded by urea, the quantity of which had become excessive. This alternation of a principle containing nearly half its weight of azote, with another containing no azote at all, is perhaps, one of the most singular facts occurring in physiology.' The second subdivision of functional urinary diseases comprises six chapters: first, on urinary gravel and calculi; second, on the data, showing the comparative prevalency of different forms of urinary deposite, and the order of their succession; third, on the lithic acid diathesis in general; fourth, on the mulberry or oxalate of lime diathesis; fifth, on the cystic oxide diathesis, and sixth, on the phosphatic, or earthy diathesis. Under the first chapter, we have an account of I. Pulverulent or amorphous sediments; II. Crystallized sediments, or gravel; and III. Solid concretions, or urinary calculi. Of the latter, our author enumerates thirteen species. The lithic acid calculus. The lithate of ammonia calculus. The oxalate of lime, or mulberry calculus. The cystic oxide calculus. The bone earth, or phosphate of lime calculus. The triple phosphate of magnesia-and-ammonia calculus. The calculus, composed of a mixture of the phosphate of lime, and triple phosphate of magnesia-and-ammonia, or fusible calculus. The alternating calculus. The mixed calculus. The carbonate of lime calculus. The xanthic oxide calculus. The fibrinous calculus. The prostate calculus. Of these, the 2nd, 4th, 5th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, and 13th species are more or less rare, and consequently of less interest. The remaining 5 are of much more frequent occurrence, and are thus described by our author. 'Crystallized sediments, or red gravel, consist of lithic acid, nearly pure. Lithic acid, as has been before stated, exists in a state of combination in healthy urine; and in such a proportion, as to be held in a state of solution at all ordinary temperatures. Sometimes, however, a free acid is generated by the kidneys, which precipitates the lithic acid in the pure crystallized state we see it—a phenomenon easily imitated artificially, as is well known, by the addition of a few drops of any acid to healthy urine. The precipitation of crystallized lithic acid does not, therefore, necessarily indicate an excess of lithic acid in the urine, but the presence only of some free acid in that fluid; though such an excess does, for the most part, exist in this form of disease, as will be shown hereafter. With respect to the nature of the precipitating acid, it is probably not always the same. Most generally it appears to be the muriatic, sometimes the phosphoric or sulphuric, and occasionally other acids. In general, however, it is to be understood, as noticed elsewhere, that when the mineral acids are present in excess, these are the immediate cause of the preternatural acidity in the urine, and consequently of the precipitation of the lithic acid. The stronger acids act by decomposing saline compounds, into which destructible acids, such as the lactic acid, &c. Enter, and setting them free. Hence the immediate cause of the deposition of lithic acid gravel is generally a destructible acid of very weak powers: even, perhaps, in some instances, the carbonic acid. When the urine contains a free acid, it is commonly more transparent than usual, and of a bright copper colour.' The treatment recommended by Dr. Prout in this species of gravel is as follows: First, a strict attention to diet, avoiding the hurtful articles already enumerated. 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If you love the freebies, you might then consider buying a package containing more. Another good place to find free Photoshop Actions is, where creatives and artists around the world share and critique each others’ work. Search the site for ‘Photoshop Filter’ and ‘Photoshop Action’ and you’ll find a ton of freebies (though you might have to email the creator for the file). Don't have Photoshop?. In this A-Z of free Photoshop plugins and filters you will find a few plugins that are (almost) as old as time itself, do not fear, they will work perfectly on all versions of Photoshop and the effect they produce are just as useful now as they were then. If you are looking for a simple and easy method to add effects. 180 Plugins for Adobe ® Photoshop ®CC 2018 2017 / 2015 2014 CS6 CS5 CS4 CS3 etc etc as. End result of the filter effect and. Photoshop ® effects and. How to install Photoshop Actions It only takes a few moments to install new Photoshop Actions. First, download the ZIP archive for your chosen Action and unpack the files to a convenient location. Now open Photoshop and click the Menu button on the Actions palette. Click Load Actions, then select one of the downloaded ATN files. Repeat the process with the remaining files. All the new Actions will now be installed and available in the palette. Make your photo look like a frozen still from a broken video tape This retro look will be familiar to both lovers of horror movies like The Ring, or anyone who’s watched their parents’ worn-out 80s wedding video. Glitch is a free Photoshop Action from from Creativetacos that you can use to give a normal photo the look of a glitchy VHS picture from decades past. Download here: 2. A sophisticated monochrome filter for upmarket portrait shots Graded with five colours and sensitive to skin tones, this Photoshop Action gives a sleek, classic monochrome look to your photos. It works best on portraits, including wedding, studio and children’s portraits. It’s only compatible with the latest versions of Photoshop, though, so you’ll need either CS6 or the Creative Cloud. This Photoshop Action was created by DeviantArt veteran Realgrow, aka Serge, from Russia. Download here: 3. Apply a comic-style effect reminiscent of Roy Lichtenstein Want to make your image look like a page from a comic book? Use this great Photoshop Action from Creativetacos to create a stylish halftone effect. It works best with colorful photos, and it's compatible with Photoshop CS3-CS6 and Photoshop CC. Download here: 4. A stylish texture that lends pictures an old-school print look Some Photoshop Actions are quite subtle, while others are very dramatic. This one fits firmly into the latter category, using Photoshop's built-in geometric shapes to create a stylish effect reminiscent of old print. Download here: 5. Recreate the vintage feel of an old colour photo Inspired by the era of film, this brilliant Photoshop Action from Shutter Pulse will transform a modern photo to give it the vintage feel of a bygone age. You can either download this Photoshop action by itself, or get it as part of a free bundle that includes 20 Lightroom presets and 20 Photoshop actions (provided you're happy to give the developer your email address). Download here: 6. Add an icy look to your images with this stunning high contrast filter Exposure School is a popular blog providing tips and tricks on how to improve your photography. Its creators are giving away this eerie Photoshop Action free, enabling you to add an unsettling look to your stranger snaps. It’s compatible with Photoshop CS3-CS6 and Photoshop CC. Download here: 7. Transform colour photos with a beautiful monochrome sheen Silver applies a sophisticated monochrome look that can really add a touch of class to otherwise ordinary images. 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Contents • • • • • Plugin types [ ] Photoshop-compatible plugins fall into several main types: filter plugins.8bf, import plugins (also called 'acquisition').8ba, export plugins.8be, file format plugins.8bi, and automation plugins.8ly. Also, there are selection plugins 8bs and parser plugins 8by, but no one other than Adobe has ever created plugins of these types. 'Import/export plugins' acquire or write image data from or to certain devices, 'file format plugins' open and save less common image formats (not inherently supported by Photoshop), and 'automation plugins' automate certain tasks in the manner of Photoshop 'actions' (). Host applications [ ] Host applications or plugin hosts are graphics applications that are capable of running plugins. Many commercial graphics applications support Photoshop-compatible plugins —, Photoshop Elements,,, and are the most renowned ones. There are several dozens more plugin hosts, including little known products like, free editors like (with certain add-ons) and viewers like. Much support is limited to the platform and.8bf filter plugins. Photoshop fully supports all available plugin types; certain hosts, like Photoshop Elements, support most of them, while the majority of hosts support filter plugins only and many of them don't even support all available filter plugins. The support for plugins was more uniform up until 2002, when Adobe restricted access to the Photoshop SDK containing the specifications for Photoshop plugins, and made the developer license more prohibitive, since then, developers of other image applications have had limited or no access to it anymore, so they can't support newer host features. Therefore, plugin developers face a dilemma: either support the new host features that appeared in Photoshop 7 and later versions, like the access to layers, and lose the compatibility with other image applications, or use the old SDK version which already includes all important specifications and make sure the plugin will be supported by all hosts. Around 2005, Adobe changed the policy so that developers could make the request for the SDK via a Web form with no fee charged for it and with all requests handled individually. History [ ] Year Event 1991 Adobe first introduces filters and support for third-party Photoshop-compatible plugins in Photoshop 2.0. The same year, presents Aldus Gallery Effects - a set of filters including Emboss, Mosaic, Charcoal and other effects. When Aldus and Adobe merge in 1996, Gallery Effects will be embedded into Photoshop. [ ] 1992 releases one of the most renowned plugins of the 1990s -- (a.k.a. Many artists of the time consider it a must-have plugin set for Photoshop, it features several advanced warp and deformation effects, as well as support for bump maps and 3D graphics formats (in KPT SceneBuilder). 1994 Joe Ternasky releases Filter Factory, a plugin allowing users to create their own filters using an internal programming language resembling C and compile them as separate plugins. It uses programmable formulas to process the red, green and blue channels of each pixel of the image. However, the fact that it requires considerable programming skills is viewed by many as a serious drawback. 1994 Alien Skin Software, founded a year earlier, creates the first drop shadow filter for Photoshop. The same year, they also release the Black Box filter set, later renamed to Eye Candy, which becomes an all-time favorite among Photoshop users. 1994 Auto FX Software is founded. In the subsequent years they release a couple of much-noticed Photoshop plugins and automated effects software products. Photo/Graphic Edges is one of the common image enhancement tools used by graphic artists of the time. 1997 Alex Hunter, inspired by KPT but dissatisfied with the limitations of the Filter Factory, presents FilterMeister -- 'a 'bigger and better' Filter Factory'. It is said to be much easier to use than Filter Factory, and many of today's free and commercial plugins are made in FilterMeister. 2007 Filter Forge Inc. Brings procedural texturing to Photoshop by releasing, a plugin allowing users to build custom filters without any programming. In Filter Forge, filters are assembled in a visual node-based environment. Enables delivering files across different users/computers from within Photoshop. 2008 Adobe introduces their first Flash extension panel SDK for better integration of plugins with the UI. Anastasiy Safari builds MagicPicker, the first and well noticed color picking extension suite for tablets based on it. Plugins are typically distributed as 'try before buy' and:, limited versions, or 'free for personal use'. See also [ ] • • References [ ]. By 2014-02-10 10:07:07 UTC While is a powerful, creative platform, using plugins can help to extend its capabilities and use it to its full potential. Using an add-on can help you perform tedious or difficult tasks in a more efficient manner, enabling you to spend more time on design. There are thousands of plugins to choose from, but many are outdated and no longer work with updated versions of Photoshop. We've collected the best free plugins you can download, install and start using right away. Cut&Slice lets you export your assets to different devices in seconds, and it improves your workflow by naming your layers. You can cut and export files in PNG format, trimming extraneous pixels or specifying you size you require. Cut&Slice also exports your button states. Exported files have unsupported characters in the file name removed, with support for.xxdpi,.Idpi,.mdpi and.hdpi. While Photoshop hasn't changed the way it exports for the web for years, Cut&Slice offers new capabilities, allowing you to create overlapping slices and exporting only what you need with maximum detail. CSS3Ps is a free cloud-based Photoshop plugin that converts your layers to CSS3. Since it's based in the cloud, the updates and bug-fixes are transparent, so there's no need to update the plugin to use new features. It's easy to use -- just select your layers and click the CSS3Ps button, and it directs you to the CSS3Ps webpage where the output is generated. The plugin features support for vendor prefixes for cross-browser compatibility, SASS and SCSS support, border radius, stroke, gradient overlay, drop shadow, outer glow, and inner glow. You can select multiple layers and groups of layers at once and convert them with one click, with additional support for blending modes, bevel and emboss. It's worth noting that in order for the plugin to convert appropriately, you need to use the correct Photoshop effects. BlendMe.in is a plugin for both Photoshop and Illustrator that lets you search thousands of assets (including popular icon packs) that you can simply drag and drop into you canvas and continue work. All the icons are vector format, so they're inserted as smart objects and are infinitely scalable. The assets are provided under the Creative Commons Attribution license, so you can use them in your personal and commercial projects. If you wish to have your collection of icons or assets considered, simply email the developer. All you need to do is install it via the extensions manager and you're ready to start. The interface sits within the Photoshop panel, so it's unobtrusive and makes it easy to drag assets onto your canvas. Renderly will automatically exports screens, assets and detailed design specs, and with its smart technology, only those elements that have changed are exported. All you need to do is use a proper prefix and Render.ly will do the rest. To keep your icons as vectors, simply add a prefix of 'ico.' For buttons, name a group with 'btn' and create a state (e.g., add ':hover') at the end of the name inside that group. To export images, add 'img' as a prefix and the image will be exported as a raster graphic. Inside your group, each variant must have a '+' in front of the layer name, and Renderly will automatically export as many screens or variants as you require. Each top level group is treated as a separate screen, so you can design your entire app or website in one PSD file. Renderly is currently in private beta, but it's accepting new designers -- simply sign up for a chance to preview it. Dealing with multiple guides in Photoshop can be a pain, but using GuideGuide makes it easy to have pixel-accurate columns, rows, midpoints and baselines based on your document or selection. Your frequently used guide sets can be used for future use, with the ability to use multiple types of measurements. The plugin works with Photoshop CS5, CS6 and CC and is simple to install. You can also use the plugin to measure exactly how wide a navigation element should be to fit evenly across the width of a site, as well as creating baseline grids and element padding. The Web Font plugin lets you design with your desired website fonts from within Photoshop, with access to thousands of web fonts from prestigious foundries. It works in combination with professional font manager Suitcase Fusion 5 and web font service WebINK. You can preview any font while you're working on a design, without having to download and install individual fonts to use in Photoshop. If you've chosen a font from WebINK, you only pay for the fonts that you use in your final site. It's important to note, however, that you can't use fonts purchased from WebINK for derivative work -- only as part of the website design process. When new fonts are added, they're available automatically. Flaticon is a free project, created for and by designers and developers. It's home to one of the largest databases of free vector icons, available to download in SVG, PSD or PNG formats. You can also convert icons into web fonts, with all the icons on Flaticon completely scalable and editable, and accessible to any screen reader. You have instant access to more than 31,000 icons. The database always stays synchronized so you never have to worry about manually updating the icon collection. The plugin has support for Photoshop CS5, CS6 and CC, and it's compatible with both Windows and Mac OS X. Save Panel is a Photoshop plugin that optimizes file saving, meaning that you can configure the buttons to save documents with your favorite settings. It features the ability to customize the destination folder (either absolute or relative), image dimensions, file type and filename. Using the Save Panel with a service such as Dropbox lets you effectively share images with other people directly from Photoshop. It's easy to configure, with no limitations on how many buttons you can create and customize. To set up, simply save presets created in the options dialog -- each preset will then be represented with a button on the panel, giving you quick access to your favorite settings. 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